MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Medical Diagnostics refers to a wide range of methods and technology, often using highly specialized processes and equipment, to identify and determine the nature and cause of a medical condition. Accurate and timely Diagnostics methods are essential for Healthcare Providers to make informed decisions about the care and treatment of the Patient.
In a Personal Injury Case, proper Diagnostics will help provide objective evidence in building a legal case and establishes the link between an accident or traumatic event and the injuries sustained by the Patient. Proper handling of documents, Diagnostics records, and evidence, carefully requires legal professionals who can interpret and present this evidence effectively in a legal context. This is essential for proper compensation for injuries, pain, suffering, and other losses resulting from the accident or traumatic event.
MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS - METHODS:
Medical Evaluation and History: A thorough medical evaluation is conducted by a healthcare provider to gather information about the patient’s injuries. This includes taking a detailed medical history and documenting the circumstances of the accident or event that led to the injury.
Physical Examination: A physical examination is performed to assess the extent and nature of injuries. This may involve examining the injured area, assessing range of motion, identifying signs of inflammation or swelling, and checking for neurological deficits.
Imaging Studies: Diagnostic imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound may be used to visualize internal injuries, fractures, soft tissue damage, and other anatomical abnormalities. These images help in diagnosing injuries and determining their severity.
Specialized Tests: Depending on the nature of the injury, specialized diagnostic tests may be ordered. For example, if there is suspicion of a traumatic brain injury, a neuropsychological evaluation may be performed. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies may be used to assess nerve injuries.
Laboratory Tests: Blood tests may be conducted to assess the presence of infection, inflammation, or other markers related to the injury. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) can detect signs of infection, and blood chemistry panels can assess organ function.
Pain Assessment: The healthcare provider will assess the level of pain the individual is experiencing. Pain scales and questionnaires may be used to document the pain’s impact on daily life and functioning.
Documentation and Medical Records: Detailed medical records are essential in personal injury cases. They include all findings from the medical evaluation, physical examination, diagnostic tests, treatment plans, and prognosis. These records are often used as evidence in legal proceedings.
Expert Medical Opinions: In some cases, expert witnesses, such as medical specialists or forensic experts, may be called upon to provide their opinions on the extent of injuries, causation, and long-term consequences. Their expertise can be valuable in legal disputes.
Rehabilitation Assessment: If the injuries require rehabilitation, such as physical therapy or occupational therapy, an assessment of rehabilitation needs may be part of the diagnostic process.
Medical Reports and Documentation for Legal Purposes: Medical professionals involved in personal injury cases are often required to provide detailed reports and testimony for legal purposes. These reports outline the patient’s injuries, treatment plans, and potential long-term effects.
MEDICAL IMAGING:
Medical Imaging refers to a wide range of Diagnostics methods and technology, often using highly specialized processes and equipment, to identify and determine the nature and cause of a medical condition. Accurate and timely Imaging methods are essential for Healthcare Providers to make informed decisions about the care and treatment of the Patient.
In a Personal Injury Case, proper Imaging will help provide objective evidence in building a legal case and establishes the link between an accident or traumatic event and the injuries sustained by the Patient. Proper handling of documents, Imaging records, and evidence, carefully requires legal professionals who can interpret and present this evidence effectively in a legal context. This is essential for proper compensation for injuries, pain, suffering, and other losses resulting from the accident or traumatic event.
Medical Imaging is often referred as Radiology. Radiologists are Medical Doctors who specialize in radiology. They use a variety of imaging methods or modalities to visualize internal structures and to assess a patient’s health or condition. Medical Imaging is a valuable and often a critically necessary tool used in medical care to help a treating physician form a diagnosis and treatment plan.
Some Common Medical Imaging Modalities Used Include Various Applications of the Following Categories:
X-Ray
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Nuclear Medicine Imaging (NMI)
Ultrasound
Fluoroscopy
Medical Imaging - X-Ray:
Medical X-ray, also known as Radiography, and is a common and widely used medical imaging technique. X-ray Imaging involves the use of electromagnetic radiation, known as X-ray, to create two-dimensional images of the inside of the body. X-ray remains a fundamental and valuable tool in medical diagnostics due to their ability to provide detailed images of the skeletal system and other internal structures. They are an essential component of healthcare for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions.
In a Personal Injury Case, proper X-ray will help provide objective evidence in building a legal case and establishes the link between an accident or traumatic event and the injuries sustained by the Patient. Proper handling of documents, X-ray records, and evidence, carefully requires legal professionals who can interpret and present this evidence effectively in a legal context. This is essential for proper compensation for injuries, pain, suffering, and other losses resulting from the accident or traumatic event.
NOTE:
X-ray provides valuable diagnostic information, especially when dealing with injuries to bones and joints. X-ray may not provide a complete picture of all injuries. Soft tissue injuries, such as muscle strains or internal organ damage, may not be visible on X-ray, and additional imaging modalities like CT scans or MRIs may be necessary to fully evaluate such injuries
HERE IS HOW MEDICAL X-RAY IS RELAVANT IN PERSONAL INJURY CASES:
Assessment of Fractures and Dislocations: X-rays are particularly useful for detecting fractures (broken bones) and dislocations. In personal injury cases, they can establish the presence and extent of such injuries, providing objective evidence for legal claims.
Documentation of Soft Tissue Injuries: While X-ray primarily visualize bones, they can also indirectly indicate soft tissue injuries. For example, joint dislocations may be accompanied by ligament or tendon damage. While not directly visible on X-rays, these injuries can be inferred from the position of the bones.
Comparison with Pre-Injury Condition: In some cases, X-ray of the injured area can be compared to pre-injury X-ray (if available) to demonstrate the changes and damage caused by the accident. This comparison can be compelling evidence in a personal injury lawsuit.
Clinical Correlation: Radiologists and healthcare providers can correlate X-ray findings with the patient’s clinical symptoms and history. For example, an X-ray may reveal a fracture that corresponds with the patient’s reports of pain and limited mobility.
Determining the Extent of Injury: X-ray can help assess the severity of fractures or dislocations, which is crucial in determining the extent of injury and the potential long-term consequences for the injured party. This information can be used in calculating damages in a personal injury claim.
Expert Testimony: Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons may provide expert testimony in court based on their interpretation of X-ray. They can explain the nature and severity of injuries to judges and juries.
Treatment Planning: X-ray can guide healthcare providers in developing an appropriate treatment plan for the injured party. This can include decisions about casting, surgery, or other interventions.
Demonstrating Causation: X-ray can help establish a direct link between the accident or incident and the injuries sustained. This is crucial in personal injury cases, as it supports the argument that the negligence or wrongful actions of another party caused the injuries.
Insurance Claims: X-ray and their associated reports are often required by insurance companies when processing claims related to personal injuries. They serve as essential documentation for the claims process.
KEY TECHNICAL ATTRIBUTES OF X-RAY:
PRINCIPLE OF X-RAY:
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation with high energy. When X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed at different rates by various tissues based on their density. Dense tissues like bones absorb more X-rays, while soft tissues allow more X-rays to pass through. A detector on the opposite side of the body captures the X-rays that pass through and converts them into an image.
TYPES OF X-RAY IMAGING:
Conventional Radiography: This is the most common type of X-ray imaging and produces static, two-dimensional images. It is often used to examine bones and diagnose conditions like fractures, joint dislocations, and dental problems.
Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy is a real-time X-ray imaging technique that provides continuous moving images on a monitor. It is used for procedures like barium swallow, angiography, and evaluating the digestive tract.
Digital Radiography (DR): Digital radiography uses electronic detectors instead of traditional photographic film to capture and display X-ray images digitally. It offers advantages such as faster image acquisition and manipulation.
APPLICATIONS:
Orthopedics: X-rays are commonly used to assess bone injuries, arthritis, and deformities.
Dentistry: Dental X-rays are essential for diagnosing dental problems, including cavities, gum disease, and impacted teeth.
Chest X-rays: These are used to diagnose lung conditions, such as pneumonia, lung cancer, and tuberculosis.
Abdominal X-rays: These can reveal issues in the digestive system, such as bowel obstructions and kidney stones.
Mammography: X-rays are employed for breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
Angiography: X-ray angiography is used to visualize blood vessels and evaluate vascular conditions like blockages and aneurysms.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, which means they have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms and can potentially damage cells. However, the doses used in medical X-ray imaging are typically low and considered safe. Special care is taken to minimize radiation exposure, particularly in sensitive populations such as pregnant women, where the risks and benefits are carefully weighed. Lead aprons and shields may be used to protect areas of the body not being imaged.
DIGITAL ADVANCEMENTS:
Digital X-ray technology has largely replaced traditional film-based radiography in many healthcare settings. Digital images can be stored, transmitted, and manipulated more easily. Computerized Radiography (CR) and Direct Radiography (DR) are two common digital X-ray techniques.
INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING:
Radiologists, who are physicians specialized in medical imaging, interpret X-ray images and provide detailed reports to healthcare providers. Radiographic findings guide clinical decisions, such as the choice of treatment or the need for further imaging. Essential documentation for the claims process.
Medical Imaging - Computed Tomography (CT):
Computed Tomography (CT), also known as a CT scan or CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography), is a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structures. CT scans provide valuable diagnostic information and are a powerful tool in a wide range of medical diagnostics and as guide in surgical procedures and monitoring treatment responses. Advances in technology continue to improve the speed, image quality, and safety of CT scans, making them an integral part of modern healthcare.
CT scans are often used in personal injury cases to assess and document injuries sustained as a result of an accident. CT scans are particularly valuable in providing detailed, cross-sectional images of the body, allowing for the evaluation of both bone and soft tissue injuries. It’s important to work with healthcare providers and legal professionals who understand the significance of CT imaging in personal injury cases. These professionals can accurately interpret CT scan results and use them effectively in building a case or pursuing compensation for the injured party. Additionally, they may consider other imaging modalities, such as MRI, to evaluate soft tissue injuries that may not be adequately visualized with CT alone.
HERE IS HOW CT SCANS ARE RELAVANT IN PERSONAL INJURY CASES:
Detection of Fractures and Injuries: CT scans are highly effective in identifying fractures, including complex or subtle fractures that may not be readily apparent on standard X-rays. This can be crucial in establishing the extent and location of bone injuries.
Visualization of Soft Tissue Injuries: CT scans can provide detailed images of soft tissues, such as muscles, ligaments, and internal organs. This is especially important for assessing injuries like traumatic brain injuries, internal bleeding, or injuries to the spinal cord.
Assessment of Head and Brain Injuries: CT scans of the head are often performed to assess traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) following accidents like car crashes or falls. They can reveal bleeding, contusions, and other brain abnormalities.
Spinal Injury Assessment: CT scans of the spine are useful for identifying fractures, dislocations, or damage to the spinal cord or surrounding soft tissues. This information is crucial in evaluating the severity of spinal injuries and their impact on the injured party.
Orthopedic Injuries: CT scans can provide detailed information about orthopedic injuries involving the extremities, including fractures, joint dislocations, and damage to surrounding soft tissues.
Comparison with Pre-Injury Scans: If pre-injury CT scans are available, they can be compared with post-injury scans to illustrate the changes and damage resulting from the accident. This comparison can serve as strong evidence in personal injury claims.
Expert Testimony: Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons often provide expert testimony in personal injury cases, offering their professional opinions on CT scan findings and their implications for the injured party’s health.
Treatment Planning: CT scans play a crucial role in guiding healthcare providers in planning the appropriate treatment for the injured individual. This may include surgical interventions, casting, or other medical procedures.
Demonstrating Causation: CT scans can help establish a direct link between the accident or incident and the injuries sustained. This is essential in personal injury cases to demonstrate that the negligence or wrongful actions of another party caused the injuries.
Insurance Claims: CT scans, along with radiology reports, are often required by insurance companies when processing personal injury claims. They serve as critical documentation for evaluating and settling claims.
KEY TECHNICAL ATTRIBUTES OF CT IMAGING:
PRINCIPLE OF CT:
CT imaging is based on the same principles as conventional X-rays. It uses X-ray beams to penetrate the body. Unlike traditional X-rays, CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles as the X-ray tube and detector rotate around the patient. A computer processes the collected data to create cross-sectional images, or “slices,” of the body part being examined.
TYPES OF CT SCANS:
Conventional CT: This is the standard CT scan used for general imaging purposes. It can provide detailed views of various body parts, such as the brain, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
CT Angiography (CTA): CTA is used to visualize blood vessels and assess blood flow in specific areas of the body, such as the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and peripheral vessels.
CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): CT colonography is a non-invasive alternative to traditional colonoscopy for detecting colorectal polyps and cancer.
Cardiac CT: This specialized CT scan is used to assess the heart and coronary arteries, helping diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD) and other cardiac conditions.
CT Guided Biopsy: CT can be used to guide the placement of a needle for tissue biopsy, allowing for the sampling of suspicious lesions or masses.
ADVANTAGES:
High Resolution: CT scans provide detailed, high-resolution images, making them excellent for visualizing both bone and soft tissues.
Rapid Imaging: Modern CT scanners can acquire images quickly, reducing the need for long scan times and minimizing patient discomfort.
Multiplanar Reconstruction: CT images can be reconstructed in multiple planes (sagittal, axial, coronal), enhancing the ability to visualize structures from different angles.
APPLICATIONS:
Trauma Evaluation: CT is often used in the emergency room to assess the extent of injuries in trauma patients, such as fractures, internal bleeding, and organ damage.
Cancer Staging: CT helps determine the stage and extent of cancer, aiding in treatment planning and monitoring tumor response.
Diagnosis of Abdominal and Pelvic Conditions: It is valuable for diagnosing conditions like appendicitis, kidney stones, and abdominal masses.
Neuroimaging: CT is used to evaluate brain injuries, hemorrhages, tumors, and other neurological conditions.
Pulmonary Imaging: It is used for the evaluation of lung nodules, lung diseases, and pulmonary embolism.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
CT scans involve ionizing radiation, which can potentially increase the risk of cancer with repeated exposure. Therefore, healthcare providers follow the principle of “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) to minimize radiation dose while obtaining diagnostic images. Special precautions are taken for certain patient populations, such as pregnant women, to minimize radiation exposure.
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT:
In many CT scans, a contrast agent (iodine-based or barium sulfate) may be administered orally or intravenously to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and certain tissues. This is known as a “contrast-enhanced” or “contrast-enhanced CT” scan.
Medical Imaging - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a sophisticated medical imaging technique that uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed, cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structures. MRI is widely used in medicine for diagnostic purposes due to its ability to provide high-resolution images of soft tissues and organs. An MRI is a versatile imaging modality that continues to advance, offering improved imaging quality and a wider range of clinical applications. It plays a vital role in diagnosing various medical conditions and guiding treatment decisions.
MRIs are particularly useful as a diagnostic tool in personal injury cases with high-resolution images of soft tissues and organs. It can help establish the extent and severity of injuries sustained from accidents. It is crucial to work with healthcare providers and legal professionals who understand the significance of MRI imaging in personal injury cases These professionals can accurately interpret MRI scan results and use them effectively in building a case or pursuing compensation for the injured party. Additionally, they may consider other imaging modalities, such as CT or X-rays, to assess injuries comprehensively.
HERE IS HOW MRI SCANS ARE RELAVANT IN PERSONAL INJURY CASES:
Soft Tissue Assessment: MRI excels at visualizing soft tissues, such as muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and organs. This capability is vital for assessing injuries that may not be apparent through other imaging modalities, such as X-rays or CT scans.
Head and Brain Injuries: MRI of the brain is particularly useful for evaluating traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) resulting from accidents like car crashes or falls. It can detect brain contusions, bleeding, and other abnormalities not visible on CT scans or X-rays.
Spinal Cord Injuries: MRI scans of the spine provide detailed images of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding soft tissues. They are crucial for diagnosing spinal cord injuries, herniated discs, and spinal fractures.
Orthopedic Injuries: MRI is valuable for diagnosing injuries to joints, including the knee, shoulder, and hip. It can identify tears in ligaments, cartilage damage, and muscle injuries.
Abdominal and Pelvic Injuries: MRI can assess injuries to internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, spleen, and bladder, following accidents or trauma. It can also reveal injuries to the pelvic area, including fractures and soft tissue damage.
Soft Tissue Injuries: MRI is highly sensitive to soft tissue injuries like muscle strains, sprains, and tears, making it crucial for assessing the full extent of musculoskeletal injuries in personal injury cases.
Pre-Existing Conditions: In some cases, MRI scans can help differentiate between pre-existing medical conditions and injuries sustained in the accident. This information is important in establishing causation.
Comparison with Pre-Injury Scans: If pre-injury MRI scans are available, they can be compared with post-injury scans to demonstrate the changes and damage resulting from the accident. This comparison can serve as strong evidence in personal injury claims.
Expert Testimony: Radiologists and orthopedic specialists often provide expert testimony in personal injury cases, interpreting MRI findings and explaining their implications for the injured party’s health.
Treatment Planning: MRI results play a critical role in guiding healthcare providers in developing treatment plans for injured individuals. The information helps determine the most appropriate medical interventions, such as surgery or physical therapy.
Demonstrating Causation: MRI scans can help establish a direct link between the accident or incident and the injuries sustained. This is essential in personal injury cases to demonstrate that another party’s negligence or wrongful actions caused the injuries.
Insurance Claims: MRI scans and radiology reports are frequently required by insurance companies during the claims process. They serve as essential documentation for evaluating and settling personal injury claims.
KEY TECHNICAL ATTRIBUTES OF MRI IMAGING:
PRINCIPLE OF MRI:
MRI is based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which involves the interaction of hydrogen nuclei (protons) in the body with strong magnetic fields. When exposed to a strong magnetic field, the protons align themselves with the field. Radiofrequency pulses are then applied to temporarily disrupt this alignment. When the radiofrequency pulse is turned off, the protons return to their aligned state, releasing energy in the form of radiofrequency signals. These signals are detected by specialized coils and used to create images.
TYPES OF MRI:
Conventional MRI: This is the standard MRI technique that provides detailed images of anatomical structures.
Functional MRI (fMRI): fMRI is used to assess brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow and oxygenation. It is often used in neuroscience research and to map brain functions.
Diffusion MRI (DWI): DWI measures the movement of water molecules in tissues, making it useful for detecting abnormalities like strokes and tumors.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): MRA is used to visualize blood vessels and blood flow, aiding in the diagnosis of vascular diseases.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS): MRS measures the chemical composition of tissues and is used in research and clinical settings to study metabolism and detect certain brain disorders.
ADVANTAGES:
Excellent Soft Tissue Contrast: MRI excels at differentiating between soft tissues, such as muscles, organs, and the brain, making it ideal for many diagnostic purposes. Non-Ionizing Radiation: Unlike X-rays and CT scans, MRI does not use ionizing radiation, which can be harmful in high doses. Multiplanar Imaging: MRI can generate images in multiple planes (sagittal, axial, coronal) without the need for repositioning the patient.
APPLICATIONS:
Neuroimaging: MRI is commonly used to diagnose and monitor brain and spinal cord disorders, including tumors, strokes, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Musculoskeletal Imaging: It helps assess injuries, joint problems, and soft tissue conditions.
Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging: MRI is used to evaluate the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, and more.
Cardiac MRI: This technique is used to assess heart function, blood flow, and cardiac disorders.
Breast Imaging: MRI is used alongside mammography to evaluate breast abnormalities.
Whole-Body MRI: Emerging as a diagnostic tool for certain systemic diseases.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
While MRI is generally safe, it may not be suitable for individuals with certain metallic implants or devices, such as pacemakers, cochlear implants, or some types of surgical clips. It is crucial to inform the healthcare provider of any metal in the body before undergoing an MRI.
The strong magnetic field can attract ferromagnetic objects, posing a risk if they are brought into the MRI suite.
Medical Imaging - Other Methods:
Ultrasound (Sonography):
Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the body’s interior. It is widely used during pregnancy to monitor fetal development but can also assess various organs and tissues, including the heart, liver, and kidneys. Ultrasound is non-invasive and does not involve ionizing radiation.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging:
Nuclear medicine scans involve the administration of a small amount of radioactive material (tracer) that accumulates in specific organs or tissues. Techniques like Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) capture the distribution of the tracer and provide functional information. Nuclear medicine is used for diagnosing conditions like cancer, heart disease, and bone disorders.
Mammography:
Mammography is a specialized X-ray technique used for breast imaging. It is a crucial tool for early detection of breast cancer in both screening and diagnostic settings.
Fluoroscopy:
Fluoroscopy is a real-time X-ray technique used to visualize moving structures within the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract (barium swallow) or blood vessels (angiography). It helps in diagnosing conditions like gastrointestinal obstructions, heart valve disorders, and vascular diseases.
Dental Radiography:
Dental X-rays are used for imaging the teeth and jawbones. They help in diagnosing dental caries, gum disease, and orthodontic issues.
Interventional Radiology:
Interventional radiology involves the use of imaging guidance (typically fluoroscopy or CT) to perform minimally invasive procedures such as angioplasty, embolization, and biopsy.
ATLANTA ORTHOPAEDIC IMAGING:
Medical Imaging - Scheduling:
Atlanta Orthopaedic Imaging schedules Personal Injury Patients (injured victims) for Diagnostic Imaging (scans) to help ensure that the procedure is scheduled at the proper location, with the proper equipment, and both the representing Attorneys and the ordering Healthcare Providers are updated as follows.
Proper Equipment: The Diagnostic Imaging scans are performed using the necessary equipment as ordered by the Healthcare Provider for the best results.
Proper Location: Not all locations will have the necessary imaging scan equipment for the specific injured victim. In some cases, a location may need to be chosen that is most convenient for the injured victim but the location must also have the proper equipment as ordered by the Healthcare Provider. The first priority is performing scans with sufficient quality to support the Healthcare Provider requirements and injured victim treatment. This also supports the injured victim’s legal case.
Healthcare Provider Updates: It is very important that a Follow-up Appointment with the ordering Healthcare Provider can be scheduled in advance and for a date after completion of the scans. The Healthcare Provider Patient Care Coordinator helps manage care of the injured victim. The coordinator must be updated on the scheduling status of scheduled scans to avoid delays and to ensure the ordering Healthcare Provider or Physician has access and can review the the scans before the next appointment.
Attorney Updates: The Attorney legal Case Manager must be updated on the scheduling status of scheduled scans “Before” service is performed. This is very important as the Case Manager manages all documentation related to the case and may need to confirm the same order was not already placed or completed for another Healthcare Provider. This can happen when a Client (injured victim) forgets to disclose a diagnostic history to a another treating physician. Informing the Case Manager of schedule updates “Before” service completion helps to prevent this.
Contact Atlanta Orthopaedic Imaging from our Contacts page or speak to one of our team members for guidance on scheduling medical imaging scan services as part of the Personal Injury Case medical care and treatment process.
Schedule Your Medical Imaging Services Today!
ATLANTA ORTHOPAEDIC IMAGING:
Personal Injury Finance
Atlanta Orthopaedic Imaging and our network of Personal Injury Finance partners can help if the injury victim is uninsured. We can provide a great alternative for insured injury victims that have insufficient or exhausted medical coverage, low policy limits, high deductibles, and high out‐of‐pocket expenses. Contact us using our Contact page or speak to one of our team members for any required assistance.
